No, it's not a new grammatical rule (such as: you must hold your period prior to dangling that participle). The holding period of virtually any asset is an important concept to understand to make the best tax decisions.

In general, a property's "holding period" is the length of time you have owned it or the period that it is treated as having been owned. Calculating a property's holding period is important because the capital gain and loss provisions of the Internal Revenue Code distinguish between short-term and long-term gains and losses.

As you likely already know, long-term and super-long-term capital gains are taxed at lower rates than ordinary income. Under the current law, an asset has a short-term holding period if it's been held, or is deemed to have been held,  for one year or less year. Assets held, deemed to have been held, for more than one year are classified as long-term. The super-long-term classification applies to assets held for more than five years. Remember that for some folks, not only it is required that the asset be held for five years, but must also be purchased after Jan. 1, 2001. So your holding period is a component of tax planning that can save you real tax dollars.

To compute the holding period of property, you begin counting on the day after the date you acquired the property, and stop counting on the day that you dispose of it. But, you don't merely count out 365 days. Nope. Instead, you use that first day as a benchmark for each succeeding month. You then use that benchmark to determine your sale date, and your ultimate holding period.

Example: With money she saved from her job, Lorna Dune bought 100 shares of Scruffy's Chicken Shack (ticker: BUKBUK) on Jan. 1, 2001. To determine her holding period, she should start counting on Jan. 2, 2001. The second day of each month thereafter counts as the beginning of a new month, regardless of how many days each month contains. If she sells the property on Jan. 1, 2002, she will realize a short-term capital gain or loss since her holding period was one year or less. If, on the other hand, she sells the property on Jan. 2, 2002, her holding period will have been one year and a day, and she will realize a long-term capital gain or loss. If she holds the stock until Jan. 2, 2006, she will have a super-long-term capital gain or loss. See how it works?

This might seem easy on first blush, but it can get a bit trickier. Various assets that you purchase or acquire will have "odd" holding periods according to the law. Here are some examples of investment property and the specific rules for calculating holding periods that apply to each:

Securities traded on an established market: For these, the holding period begins the day after the trading date on which you buy the securities, and ends on the trading date on which you sell them. You ignore the settlement date for holding period purposes. The trade date controls. The trade date is the date on which the transaction occurs. Settlement dates, usually a few days after the trade date, represent when payment must be made for a purchase or when assets must be delivered for a sale.

Nontaxable trades: If you acquire new investment property in exchange for old investment property (such as in a tax-deferred exchange), the holding period begins on the day after the date the original (or old) property was acquired. So, if you exchange or trade a beachfront lot that you bought in May of 1997 and use the proceeds to buy a cabin in the mountains in 2002, your holding period for the mountain cabin begins on the day after the date you bought the beachfront lot, all the way back to May of 1997.

Real estate: If you purchase real property under an unconditional contract, you begin counting on the day you received title to the property or the day after you took possession and assumed the incidents of ownership, whichever is earlier. Taking delivery or possession of real property under an option to purchase, however, is not enough to start the holding period. The holding period cannot start until there is an actual contract of sale. Likewise, the holding period of the seller cannot end before that time.

Gifts: If you receive a gift of property and your cost basis in the gift is figured by using the donor's basis (such as in the gift of appreciated stock), then your holding period includes the donor's holding period. This is known as "tacking on" the holding period since your holding period "tacks on" to the original donor's. If, however, your basis in the gift is determined by the fair market value of the gift (such as with a gift of stock that has decreased in value), your holding period starts on the day after the date of the gift.

Inheritance: If you inherit investment property, your gain or loss on any later disposition of such property is generally treated as a long-term gain or loss regardless of how long you may have actually held the property. This being the case, you are considered to have held the inherited property for more than one year even if you dispose of the property within one year of the decedent's death.

Example: When your Aunt Bernice passed away in March 2001, she left you 100 shares of stock. After the estate was settled in June 2001, you were given those shares in your name. You turned around and sold the shares in July 2001. Even though you held the shares for one year or less, you are able to treat them as if you held them for a long-term period. So, your gain or loss on these shares would be a long-term gain or loss to you. This is true regardless of how long Aunt Bernice may have held the shares before she passed away.

Stock Splits and Spin-Offs: If you receive a stock dividend, your holding period for the "new" shares is the same as for the "old" shares. This is also true if you receive new stock in a company that has been spun-off from the original company that you purchased.

Example: Jack purchased 100 shares of Biodegradable Used Diapers in April 1999. In June 2001, Bio Diapers declared a 100% stock dividend (also known as a 2:1 stock split). Jack now has 200 shares of Bio Diapers, but they all have the same holding period -- the date of original purchase back in April 1999.

Another Example: Using the same facts as above, let's assume that instead of declaring a stock dividend, Bio Diapers instead spun-off a subsidiary — Home Grown Fertilizer. Jack receives an additional 30 shares of Home Grown in June 2001. Even though these are brand new shares in a brand new company, they will have the same holding period as the original Bio Diapers shares that were purchased back in April 1999.

There are other tricks and turns regarding holding periods. These are only the common rules, and by no means cover every holding period situation. So, if you find yourself in the middle of an unusual transaction, check the holding period rules carefully. The tax dollars you save might be your own.

Related Links:
Capital Gains Tax Rates
Netting Out Capital Gains and Losses on Schedule D
Capital Assets... What Are They Really?
Charitable Contributions of Stock
Stock Splits, Spin-offs, and Split-ups
Inheritance Tax

IRS Publication 544
IRS Publication 550
IRS Publication 551
IRS FAQ -- Holding Period

If you like the way Roy Lewis simplifies confusing tax issues, check out his just-published book, The Motley Fool's Investment Tax Guide 2000: Smart Tax Strategies for Investors. This handy 360+ page guide covers just about every tax aspect of a typical Fool's life: investing, marriage, children, education, homes, home offices, retirement accounts, medical expenses, and much more.)

February 15, 2002

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